A total of 125 observations were recorded concerning the effects of agroforestry on pest management. Analyzing pest management in indonesian cocoa production. The cacao pest management research, led by program leader dr. The most damaging problems are pantorhytes weevils, black pod and bark canker disease both caused by phytophthora palmivora but vascular streak dieback vsd disease is important in some areas of the country most other insect. Integrated pest and disease management for sustainable cocoa production. Regular harvesting, pruning, good block sanitation and pod burial, combined in an integrated pest and disease management approach, have been shown to reduce losses due to the cocoa pod borer as well as the main diseases. The stcp allows free copying and distributions on a noncommercial basis provided that the source is acknowledged. Learning about sustainable cocoa productiona guide for participatory farmer training. Current and anticipated pest problems, relevant to the project ii. Improved management strategies for cocoa in papua new. Therefore, it is essential that the industry and all its associated institutions and interests support scientific research on cacao and its products in key areas such as production, integrated pest and disease management, germplasm conservation and improvement, and biotechnology. Apr, 2016 the cacao pest management research, led by program leader dr. Conopomorpha cramerella snellen life cycle 27 to 33 days symptoms.
Farmer training focuses on integrated crop and pest management icpm with specific emphasis on good crop husbandry, pest and disease management, rational pesticide use, farm renewal and cocoa quality. In localities with exceptional disease and or pest infestation, losses can exceed 80%. Tdmb plantation management seminar, kuala trengganu. Efficient pest and disease control as part of a holistic model 1 technology toolbox 2 access to technology 3 application technology 4 capabilities 5 crop management the cocoa grower 3.
Cacao is a fastgrowing tropical forest plant, capable of being cultivated in association with other trees, and providing additional goods like timber and firewood, fruits, construction materials. These should be used sparingly, as they will kill some beneficial insects. Proper pruning of cocoa trees is also very essential to minimize the shade. It is thought that in the short run higher cocoa prices and improved management including pest and disease control and to a certain extent fertilizer use offer scope for a larger cocoa output. Hence the new concept or approach is based on the principles of managing the. A guide for conducting ffs on cocoa integrated crop and pest management.
Smallholder cocoa production through greater adoption of disease. The management options for each pest or disease are divided into cultural approaches, such as use of resistant varieties, clean seed, crop rotations and good hygiene in the. Some important agronomic and agricultural practices in cocoa estates. Mirid infestation sahlbergella singularis, distantiella theobrama blackpod disease phytophthora megakarya, p. Pests and diseases of cocoa department of agriculture and. Furthermore, thomson, 2014 stated that in 20\2014 cocoa. Alternative hosts should not be used as shade trees on cocoa farms. Keane pj, putter caj eds cocoa pest and disease management in the southeast asia and australasia. Farmers also learn about social topics such as responsible labour practices and. This evaluation also discusses the influence of utz on systemic changes required to transform the indonesian cocoa sector.
Crop protection strategies for major diseases of cocoa. Guidance to the utz core code of conduct for groups and multigroup certification, version 1. Pdf on dec 15, 2016, shivaji thube and others published pests of cocoa and their management find, read and cite all the research you. However, wcoc 2012 identified five areas of action in the sustainable production of cocoa, amongst which was the integrated pest and disease management to ensure longterm sustainability in yield. Disease control strategies include the use of resistant cultivars, chemicals, biological, botanicals, cultural. Results reveal that the application of those materials reduced the intensity of pest and disease attacks e. Like other crops cocoa can be attacked by a number of pest species including fungal diseases, insects and rodents some of which e. Pests and disease management are one of the major problems farmers in cameroon face due to the impacts of pests and disease infestation which leads to a drop in cameroons cocoa production. A holistic approach to sustainable control of pests and.
Biotech crops can also facilitate reduced or notill practices, helping. Pink disease, phanerochaete salmonicolor, on coffee. Pruning to control vsd is a much debated and controversial subject in malaysia and will be dealt with under pest and disease. Some of the programs have, in addition to certification efforts, commenced such activities. Aug 19, 2010 shade and canopy management should be designed to achieve a balance between mirid control, flowering and black pod management.
Organic ecosystem pest and disease management in organic ecosystem general immense commercialisation of agriculture has had a very negative effect on the environment. Cacao is a fastgrowing tropical forest plant, capable of being cultivated in association with other trees, and providing additional goods like timber and firewood, fruits, construction materials, honey, resin, medicine and materials for ritual ceremonies. Attack from size of 7cm until 10 weeks before the fruit ripen. This translates into a 22% increase in cocoa farmers net household income. The national organic standards nos allows a limited list of natural and synthetic treatments for dealing with pest and disease outbreaks.
The most damaging problems are pantorhytes weevils, black pod and bark canker disease both caused by phytophthora palmivora but vascular streak dieback vsd disease is important in some areas of the. Palmivora cocoa swollen shoot disease cacao swollen shoot virus cssv. While these losses have an impact throughout the supply chain, it is the cocoa farmer that feels the most immediate and direct impact on family income. Towards an integrated pest management for sustainable. Cocoa attacked pests and diseases since its introduction to west africa. The use of chemical pesticides copper and metalaxylbased fungicides is short term. Cocoa insect zoo observing life cycles 84 exercise 12. This page provide notes on the existing best known practices. Stcpiita farmer field school manual, ibadan, nigeria 2008 the introduction of recommended practices through. Recently, an interesting technique which is becoming widely recommended in cocoa areas is shade management, considered as an effective pest management strategy against cocoa mirids rice and. Increasing resilience this guide consists of the following 8 topics page 6 page page 28 page 43 page 90 page 83 page 73 page 54 with support from. The use of pesticides has led to enormous levels of chemical buildup in our environment, in soil, water, air, in animals and even in our own bodies. Information from moxon je 1992 insect pests of cocoa in papau new guinea, importance and control.
In localities with exceptional disease andor pest infestation, losses can exceed 80%. To ensure high yields in cocoa farming, we must plant healthy seedlings, of the right age, at the right time, in the right place and free of pest, disease, nutrient or other defects. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The cacao research community is international in scope.
Monoculture cultivation and the elimination of tree species in cocoa plots are sometimes associated with higher yields, however, this ignores the effect of the increased. Introduction to insect disease management download ebook. From the foregoing, it is not difficult to see that pest and disease control is a very important aspect of cocoa estate management. Cocoa insect zoo observing biological control 80 exercise 10. An integrated control scheme for cocoa pests and diseases in. Cocoa cacao diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. All the plant parts including the pods are affected by various pests conway, 1971. Pc2006114 on the management of cocoa pod borer in png. Pest control recommendations in papua new guinea cocoa plantings are based on an integrated approach to insect pest and disease management.
Fao plant production and protection paper 112, pp 129144. The role of shade trees in pest and disease prevention is complicated, as is the role of other environmental factors associated with pest and disease incidence because these factors are often interdependent flood, 2017. Cpb infestation and the inability to control the pest have reduced the industrys reliance on purchasing a consistent supply of quality beans. Major cocoa pests and diseases situation and damage. Olam cocoa is a founding member of cocoaaction and, in convening the cocoa sector to align complementary roles and responsibilities, leverage scale and efficiency through collaboration, and catalyse efforts to accelerate sustainability, we are a key participant in the focused work. Requirements related to soil management, including. Click download or read online button to get introduction to insect disease management book now. Part ii covers the technical background on the biology and management of some major key pests, linked to a set of farmer participatory exercises in part iii. This manual will show the basic techniques and practices that will help students, farmers and nursery establishers. The economic relevance of plant disease and pest management in the ghana cocoa industry. The cocoa plant is a branching tree with with simple, pointed lanceolate leaves which can measure up to 61 cm 24 in long and 10 cm 4 in wide.
A training manual for field officers world cocoa foundation. This disease causes pods to rot on the cacao tree during the last stages of ripening. Shade and canopy management should be designed to achieve a balance between mirid control, flowering and black pod management. Pacific pests and pathogens fact sheets cocoa pink disease 012 common name pink disease of cocoa. An integrated control scheme for cocoa pests and diseases. These varieties can be derived from traditional crossbreeding or modern biotechnology. The first rule for managing most cocoa pests is to grow a healthy crop e.
Important control measures are regular removal and destruction ofinfected pods at weekly intervals, during the rainy season pruning ofshade trees. Cocoa is very susceptible to pests and diseases right from the moment the seeds are sown. In the more distant future the predicted climatic change and increased land use for food production will reduce the size of the cocoa area and affect the. Integrated pest and disease management for sustainable cocoa. Pests and diseases of cocoa high levels of yield loss to pests and disease is a major problem for world cocoa production. Pests and diseases of cocoa department of agriculture. Spraying just before the onset of monsoon with bordeaux. These operations reduce inoculum as well as the disease. There are four insect pests and diseases of cacao in the philippines. Pink disease is present on the central branch where it shows as a lighter colour. This also includes some discussion of aspects of sector management and cocoa production may have led to inclusive growth. The first rule for managing most cocoa pests is to grow a healthy crop.
Cutting edge technology toolbox for better control of pests and diseases 2 access to technology 1 technology toolbox 5 crop management 4 capabilities 3 application. The diseases of major economic significance are listed in table 1 below with an estimate of the annual production losses attributed to each. Host resistance is recommended as the best option for economic and sustainable control. Integrated pest management is an ecological approach in which utilization of all available techniques of pest control to reduce and maintain the pest population at levels below economic injury level. Furthermore, thomson, 2014 stated that in 20\2014 cocoa output for cameroon dropped falling 8% to 209,905 tons.
Effects of agroforestry on pest, disease and weed control. This study assessed pests and disease management in the ekondo titi municipality. Occurrence of a exit and entry hole on the pod surface. Stcpiita farmer field school manual, ibadan, nigeria 2008 the introduction of recommended practices through farmer participatory approach has been found. Cocoa insect zoo symptom development 82 exercise 11. Aug 06, 20 pest and diseases of cocoa presentation 1. Cocoa, theobroma cacao, is an evergreen tree in the family malvaceae, grown for its seeds beans which are used primarily in the manufacture of chocolate. Part i provides a general introduction to the crop.
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